- The Nobel prizes
- Why did Alfred Nobel entrust to Norway to award the Peace Prize?
- The stages leading to the announcement of the Peace Prize
- The main task of the Nobel Institute
- The proposed candidates
- The ceremony
- The members of the Peace Prize committee
- List of all the Nobel Peace Prize winners
- Bibliography
The Nobel prizes
October is the month when the names of the Nobel prize winners are made known to the world. The winners are the people who have proved worthy to be honoured that year for their significant contributions in the fields of physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and work for peace. In addition, a Nobel memorial prize was established in 1968 -- The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. Since 1969, this prize has been awarded at the same time as the five Nobel Prizes. Many other similar prizes are of course given by other institutions all over the world, but the Nobel prizes have maintained a unique position since the first one was awarded in 1901. There are many reasons for
this, but probably one of the most important is the general trust in the
thoroughness of the investigations and deliberations undertaken by highly
qualified persons before each award is made.
In his will of 1895 Alfred Nobel stipulated that the scientific prizes and the
prize for literature should be awarded by Swedish institutions. But the decision
regarding the peace prize he left to a committee appointed by the Norwegian
parliament, the Storting.
Why did Alfred Nobel entrust to Norway to award the Peace Prize?
The reasons why the Swede Alfred Nobel entrusted this honourable task to the
Norwegian national assembly are not quite clear. Norway and Sweden had been
united under the same sovereign since 1814, but towards the end of the century
Norwegian agitation for the dissolution of that union became increasingly
strong. It may well be that this gesture was an attempt to defuse a conflict
that threatened to explode. On the other hand there is nothing to indicate that
Nobel was particularly involved in this constitutional crisis, living outside
Sweden as he did for most of his life.
Another explanation might lie in his presumed respect for the work of the
Storting in the international field: for instance, its decision of 1880 in
favour of international arbitration and its active support of the
interparliamentary movement.
The fact that the Storting appoints the five members of the Peace Prize
Selection Committee does not imply that it is as such responsible for the
Committee's decisions. The Committee is a completely independent body.
The stages leading to the announcement of the Peace Prize
The announcement of the award arouses great interest throughout the world, but
what are the stages leading up to it? The right to put forward candidates is
restricted to the following:
* Present and past members of the Nobel Committee or the Storting.
* Members of the different countries' national assemblies and governments, and
also members of the Inter-Parliamentary Union.
* Members of the International Court of Justice at the Hague and of the
International Court of Arbitration.
* Executive members of the Permanent International Peace Bureau.
* Members of the Institut de Droit International.
* Present university professors of law, political science, history and
philosophy.
* Holders of the Nobel Peace Prize.
To be valid, nominations have to be submitted by 1 February of the year for
which the prize is being awarded. Peace Prizes may be awarded to institutions or
organizations as well as to individuals.
The main task of the Nobel Institute
The main task of the Nobel Institute is to organize the preparations. Its
Director is also secretary of the Nobel Committee, and it is his responsibility
to provide the Committee with the constant flow of information necessary to
fulfil its duties, as laid down in its statutes:
* The purpose of the Institute is to follow developments in the international
field, especially as regards the peaceful solution of conflicts, in order to
tender advice to the Committee regarding the award.
The proposed candidates
Once the names of the proposed candidates have been submitted, the Director
compiles a list incorporating the personal data of each candidate. (Recently the
average number of candidates has been approximately 100). At a further Committee
meeting more information will be required about candidates who have been
shortlisted. It is up to the Director and the advisers of the Institute to
obtain this information. The Institute's library (open to the public) assists
greatly in this process.
These findings are forwarded to the committee members for consideration. After
a series of meetings, the Committee makes a final decision, usually in the first
half of October. If the Committee has agreed on a candidate (on several
occasions no award has been made), the prizewinner, press and radio are
immediately notified.
The ceremony
The award ceremony itself always takes place on 10 December. This is the
anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death and ceremonies are held on that date both in
Stockholm and in Oslo.
In the past prizewinners were often unable to come to Oslo to receive their
awards in person. Now, however, with today's easy air communications, long
journeys are no longer any problem and since 1945 practically all the
prizewinners have attended the award ceremony, always held in the presence of
H.M. the King. (The King, however, does not present the prize as in Stockholm.
In Oslo this task is performed by the Chairman of the Committee.)
The Peace Prize has been awarded a total of 74 times (including 1993). However,
the number of prizewinners, (78 individuals and 16 institutions, 94 including
1993), exceeds the number of prize-giving ceremonies. This is due to the fact
that the prize has been divided between two prizewinners on several occasions.
The reason why the Peace Prize has been awarded only 70 times since 1901 is that
no award was given on 19 occasions. These interruptions have mainly been due to
the two World Wars, but also during more peaceful periods the Committee has
frequently been unable to arrive at a positive decision. Should a prize not be
awarded one year it is taken up for renewed deliberations the following year,
thus making it possible to award this prize as well as the prize for the current
year at the same time. Should it still be found impossible to confer the prize,
the amount in question shall be added to the Main Fund.
The members of the Peace Prize committee
The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded by:
The Norwegian Nobel Committee
Members:
SEJERSTED, Francis, born 1936.
Professor in economic and social history. M.A. 1965. Assistant professor at the
University of Oslo 1971. Professor 1973. Chairman of the Norwegian Students
Association 1962. Chairperson of the Nobel Committee since 1991, Member of the
Committee since 1982.
NORDLI, Odvar, born 1927.
Accountant. Former Prime Minister. Former president of the Storting. County
Governor, Hedmark. Member of the Committee since 1985.
KVANMO, Hanna Kristine, born 1926.
Former Storting representative. Delegate to the UN General Assembly 1975 and
1981. Member of the committee since 1991.
RØNBECK, Sissel Marie, born 1950.
Assistant director at the Central Office of Historic Monuments. Former
Minister of Consumer Affairs and Government Administration, also former
Minister of the Environment. Former Storting representative. Member of the
Nobel Committee since 1994.
STÅLSETT, Gunnar Johan, born 1935.
Headmaster at the Practical Theological Seminary at the University of Oslo
from 1994, state secretary at the Ministry of Church and Education 1972-1973,
secretary-general of the Church of Norway Council on Foreign Relations
1972-1977, secretary-general of the Norwegian Bible Society 1982-1985 and
secretary-general of the Lutheran World Council 1985-1994. Member of the
Nobel Committee 1984-1990 and since 1994.
The secretary of the committee and the director of the Nobel institute is
professor D.Phil. Geir Lundestad, born 1945.
For 1995 the Nobel Peace Prize amounted to SEK 7.2 million.
The Nobel Prizes are based on the previous year's financial results of the
Nobel Foundation.
10 percent of the Main Fund's yield is funded. 25 percent of the remainder is
used to cover expenses in connection with the selection of prizewinners etc. The
remaining 75 percent is the actual prize money, divided equally between the five
Nobel Prizes: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and
Peace.
List of all the Nobel Peace Prize winners from 1901 to 1995
Nobel Peace Prize Winners
1901 The prize was awarded jointly to:
DUNANT, JEAN HENRI, Switzerland, 1828 - 1910.
Founder International Committee of the Red Cross (Comité International
de la Croix-Rouge), Geneva,
Originator Geneva Convention (Convention de Genève);
and
PASSY, FREDERIC, France, 1822 - 1912.
Founder and President first French peace society (Ligue internationale et
permanente de la paix; since
1889 called Société Française pour l'arbitrage entre
nations).
1902 The prize was awarded jointly to:
DUCOMMUN, ELIE, Switzerland, 1833 - 1906.
Honorary Secretary Permanent International Peace Bureau (Bureau International
Permanent de la Paix), Berne;
and
GOBAT, CHARLES ALBERT, Switzerland, 1843 - 1914
Secretary General Inter-Parliamentary Union (Bureau interparlamentaire), Berne,
Honorary Secretary
Permanent International Peace Bureau (Bureau International Permanent de la
Paix), Berne.
1903 CREMER, Sir WILLIAM RANDAL, Great Britain, 1838 - 1908.
Member British Parliament, Secretary International Arbitration League.
1904 INSTITUT DE DROIT INTERNATIONAL (INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW), Ghent,
Scientific society, founded 1873.
1905 Von SUTTNER, Baroness, BERTHA SOPHIE FELICITA, née Countess
KINSKY von CHINIC
und TETTAU, Austria, 1843 - 1914. (Born in Prague, then Austria)
Writer, Hon. President Permanent International Peace Bureau (Bureau
International Permanent de la Paix),
Berne, Author, "Lay Down Your Arms".
1906 ROOSEVELT, THEODORE, USA, 1858 - 1919.
President United States of America, Collaborator, various peace treaties.
1907 The prize was awarded jointly to:
MONETA, ERNESTO TEODORO, Italy, 1833 - 1918.
President Lombard League of Peace (Società internazionale per la pace:
Unione Lombarda);
and
RENAULT, LOUIS, France, 1843 - 1918.
Professor International Law, Sorbonne University, Paris.
1908 The prize was awarded jointly to:
ARNOLDSON, KLAS PONTUS, Sweden, 1844 - 1916.
Writer, formerly Member Swedish Parliament, Founder Swedish Peace and
Arbitration League (Svenska
freds- och skiljedomsföreningen);
and
BAJER, FREDRIK, Denmark, 1837 - 1922.
Member Danish Parliament, Honorary President Permanent International Peace
Bureau (Bureau International
Permanent de la Paix), Berne.
1909 The prize was awarded jointly to:
BEERNAERT, AUGUSTE MARIE FRANÇOIS, Belgium, 1829 - 1912.
Ex-Prime Minister, Member Belgian parliament, Member Cour Internationale
d'Arbitrage (International
Court of Arbitration) at the Hague;
and
D'ESTOURNELLES DE CONSTANT, PAUL HENRI BENJAMIN BALLUET, Baron DE CONSTANT
DE REBECQUE, France, 1852 -1924.
Member French Parliament (Sénateur), Founder and President French
parliamentary group for voluntary
arbitration (Groupe parlementaire de l'arbitrage international), Founder Comité
de défense des intérêts
nationaux et de conciliation internationale (Committee for the defence of
national interests and international
conciliation).
1910 BUREAU INTERNATIONAL PERMANENT DE LA PAIX (PERMANENT INTERNATIONAL
PEACE BUREAU), Berne, founded 1891.
1911 The prize was awarded jointly to:
ASSER, TOBIAS MICHAEL CAREL, the Netherlands, 1838 - 1913.
Lawyer, Member Privy Council, Originator International Conferences of Private
Law (Conférences de
Droit international privé) at the Hague
and
FRIED, ALFRED HERMANN, Austria, 1864 - 1921.
Journalist, Founder "Die Waffen Nieder" (later called "Die
Friedenswarte"), a peace publication.
1912 Reserved.
1913 The prize for 1912:
ROOT, ELIHU, USA, 1845 - 1937.
i.a. ex-Secretary of State, Originator various treaties of arbitration.
The prize for 1913:
LA FONTAINE, HENRI, Belgium, 1854 - 1943.
Member Belgian Parliament (Sénateur), President Permanent International
Peace Bureau
(Bureau International Permanent de la Paix), Berne.
1914 Reserved.
1915 The prize money for 1914 was allocated to the Special Fund
for this prize section.
The prize for 1915: Reserved.
1916 The prize money for 1915 was allocated to the Special Fund
for this prize section.
The prize for 1916: Reserved.
1917 The prize money for 1916 was allocated to the Special Fund
for this prize section.
The prize for 1917:
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE
RED CROSS), Geneva, founded 1863.
1918 Reserved.
1919 The prize money for 1918 was allocated to the Special Fund
for this prize section.
The prize for 1919: Reserved.
1920 The prize for 1919:
WILSON, THOMAS WOODROW, USA, 1856 - 1924.
President United States of America, Founder of Société des
Nations (the League of Nations).
The prize for 1920:
BOURGEOIS, LEON VICTOR AUGUSTE, France, 1851 - 1925.
Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, President French Parliament
(Senat), Président Conseil de la
Société des Nations (Council of the League of Nations).
1921 The prize was awarded jointly to:
BRANTING, KARL HJALMAR, Sweden, 1860 -- 1925.
Prime Minister, Swedish Delegate Conseil de la Société des
Nations (Council of the League of Nations);
and
LANGE, CHRISTIAN LOUS, Norway, 1869 - 1938.
Secretary General Inter-Parliamentary Union (Bureau interparlementaire),
Brussels.
1922 NANSEN, FRIDTJOF, Norway, 1861 -1930.
Scientist, Explorer, Norwegian Delegate Société des Nations
(League of Nations), Originator Nansen passports
(for refugees).
1923 Reserved.
1924 The prize money for 1923 was allocated to the Special Fund
for this prize section.
The prize for 1924: Reserved.
1925 The prize money for 1924 was allocated to the Special Fund
for this prize section.
The prize for 1925: Reserved.
1926 The prize for 1925 was awarded jointly to:
CHAMBERLAIN, Sir JOSEPH AUSTEN, Great Britain, 1863 - 1937.
Foreign Secretary, assisted in formulation of Locarno Pact;
and
DAWES, CHARLES GATES, USA, 1865 - 1951.
Vice-President of United States of America, Chairman Allied Reparation
Commission (Originator Dawes
Plan).
The prize for 1926 was awarded jointly to:
BRIAND, ARISTIDE, France, 1862 - 1932.
Foreign Minister, assisted in formulation of Locarno Pact and the
Briand-Kellogg Pact;
and
STRESEMANN, GUSTAV, Germany, 1878 - 1929.
Ex-Lord High Chancellor (Reichskanzler), Foreign Minister, assisted in
formulation of Locarno Pact.
1927 The prize was awarded jointly to:
BUISSON, FERDINAND, France, 1841 - 1932.
Formerly Professor Sorbonne University, Paris, Founder and President Ligue des
Droits de l'Homme
(League of Human Rights);
and
QUIDDE, LUDWIG, Germany, 1858 -1941.
Historian, honorary professor, member of the Landtag of Bavaria, member of the
German constituent
assembly 1919; participant at a number of peace conferences.
1928 Reserved.
1929 The prize money for 1928 was allocated to the Special Fund
for this prize section.
The prize for 1929: Reserved.
1930 The prize for 1929:
KELLOGG, FRANK BILLINGS, USA, 1856 -1937.
Ex-Secretary of State, assisted in formulation of the Briand -Kellogg Pact.
The prize for 1930:
SÖDERBLOM, LARS OLOF NATHAN (JONATHAN), Sweden, 1866 - 1931.
Archbishop, Leader in the ecumenical movement.
1931 The prize was awarded jointly to:
ADDAMS, JANE, USA, 1860 - 1935.
Sociologist, International President Women's International League for Peace and
Freedom;
and
BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY, USA, 1862 - 1947.
President Columbia University, Promoter Kellogg Pact.
1932 Reserved.
1933 The prize money for 1932 was allocated to the Special Fund
for this prize section.
The prize for 1933: Reserved.
1934 The prize for 1933:
ANGELL (RALPH LANE) , Sir NORMAN, Great Britain, 1874 - 1967.
Writer, Member Commission Exécutive de la Société des
Nations (Executive Committe of the League of
Nations) and of National Peace Council, Author "The Great Illusion".
The prize for 1934:
HENDERSON, ARTHUR, Great Britain, 1863 - 1935.
Ex-Foreign Secretary, President Disarmament Conference 1932.
1935 Reserved.
1936 The prize for 1935:
VON OSSIETZKY, CARL, Germany, 1889 - 1938.
Journalist (i.a. Die Weltbühne), Pacifist.
The prize for 1936:
SAAVEDRA LAMAS, CARLOS, Argentina, 1878 -1959.
Minister of Foreign Affairs, President Société des Nations
(League of Nations), Mediator in a conflict between
Paraguay and Bolivia.
1937 CECIL OF CHELWOOD, Viscount, (Lord EDGAR ALGERNON ROBERT GASCOYNE
CECIL), Great
Britain, 1864 - 1958
Writer, i.a. ex-Lord Privy Seal, Founder and President International Peace
Campaign (Rassemblement
Universel pour la Paix).
1938 OFFICE INTERNATIONAL NANSEN POUR LES REFUGIES (NANSEN INTERNATIONAL
OFFICE
FOR REFUGEES), Geneva.
An international relief organization, founded by Fridtjof Nansen, 1921.
1939- One third of the prize money for this period was allocated to the
Main Fund for 1942 and two thirds to the
1942 Nobel Institute's Special Fund for this prize section.
1943 Reserved.
1944 Of the prize money for 1943, one third was allocated to the
Main Fund and two thirds to the Special Fund for
this prize section.
The prize for 1944: Reserved.
1945 The prize for 1944:
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE
RED CROSS), Geneva, founded 1863.
The prize for 1945:
HULL, CORDELL, USA, 1871 - 1955.
Former Secretary of State. Participant in the establishment of the United
Nations.
1946 The prize was divided equally between:
BALCH, EMILY GREENE, USA, 1867 - 1961.
Professor of History and Sociology, Honorary International President Women's
International
League for Peace and Freedom;
and
MOTT, JOHN RALEIGH, USA, 1865 - 1955.
Chairman International Missionary Council, President World Alliance of Young
Men's Christian Association.
1947 The prize was awarded jointly to:
THE FRIENDS' SERVICE COUNCIL (The Quakers), London, founded 1647;
and
THE AMERICAN FRIENDS' SERVICE COMMITTEE (The Quakers), Washington. The
first official meeting of
the Friends took place in 1672.
1948 Reserved.
1949 Of the prize money for 1948, one third was allocated to the
Main Fund and two thirds to the Special Fund for
this prize section.
The prize for 1949:
BOYD-ORR OF BRECHIN, Lord JOHN, Great Britain, 1880 (in Kilmaurs,
Scotland) - 1971.
Physician, Nutritional Politician, Prominent organizer and Director General
Food and Agricultural
Organization, President National Peace Council and World Union of Peace
Organizations.
1950 BUNCHE, RALPH, USA, 1904 - 1971.
Professor Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., Director div. of Trusteeship
UN, Acting Mediator in
Palestine 1948.
1951 JOUHAUX, LEON, France, 1879 - 1954.
President Trade Union Confédération CGT-Force Ouvrière, Président
Conseil national économique and
International Committee of the Council of Europe, Vice President International
Confederation of Free Trade
Unions, Vice President Fédération Syndicale Mondiale, member
Council of ILO (International Labour
Organization), Delegate UN.
1952 Reserved.
1953 The prize for 1952:
SCHWEITZER, ALBERT, France, 1875 (in Kaysersberg, Alsace, then Germany)
- 1965.
Missionary Surgeon, Founder Lambarene Hospital (République du Gabon).
The prize for 1953:
MARSHALL, GEORGE CATLETT, USA, 1880 - 1959.
General, President American Red Cross, former Secretary of State and of
Defense, Delegate UN, one of the
initiators of the Marshall Plan.
1954 Reserved.
1955 The prize for 1954:
OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES, Geneva, an
international
relief organization, founded by UN in 1951.
Prize for 1955: Reserved.
1956 Of the prize money for 1955, one third was allocated to
the Main Fund and two thirds to the Special Fund for
this prize section.
The prize for 1956: Reserved.
1957 Of the prize money for 1956, one third was allocated to the
Main Fund and two thirds to the Special Fund for
this prize section.
The prize for 1957:
PEARSON, LESTER BOWLES, Canada, 1897 - 1972.
Former First Secretary, Department of External Affairs, former Prime Minister
of Canada. President of the UN
General Assembly, 1952.
1958 PIRE, GEORGES, Belgium, 1910 - 1969.
Father of the Dominican Order, Leader of the relief organization for refugees
l'Europe du Coeur au Service du
Monde.
1959 NOEL-BAKER, PHILIP J., Great Britain, 1889 - 1982.
Member of Parliament, lifelong ardent worker for international peace and
cooperation.
1960 Reserved.
1961 The prize for 1960:
LUTHULI, ALBERT JOHN, South Africa, 1898 (in Southern Rhodesia) - 1967.
Formerly President of the African National Congress in South Africa.
The prize for 1961 was awarded posthumously to:
HAMMARSKJØLD, DAG HJALMAR AGNE CARL, Sweden, 1905 1961.
Formerly Secretary General of the UN.
1962 Reserved.
1963 The prize for 1962:
PAULING, LINUS CARL, USA, 1901 -.
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.
The prize for 1963 was awarded jointly to:
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED
CROSS), Geneva, founded 1863;
and
LIGUE DES SOCIETES DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (LEAGUE OF RED CROSS SOCIETIES), Geneva.
1964 KING JR., MARTIN LUTHER, USA, 1929 - 1968.
Leader of "Southern Christian Leadership Conference".
1965 UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN's FUND (UNICEF), New York,
An international relief organizaiton, founded by UN in 1946.
1966 Reserved.
1967 Of the prize money for 1966, one third was allocated to the
Main Fund and two thirds to the Special Fund for this
prize section.
The prize for 1967: Reserved.
1968 Of the prize money for 1967, one third was allocated to the
Main Fund and two thirds to the Special Fund for this
prize section.
The prize for 1968:
CASSIN, RENE, France, 1887 - 1976.
President of the European Court of Human Rights.
1969 INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION (ILO), Geneva
1970 BORLAUG, NORMAN, USA, 1914 -.
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Mexico City
1971 BRANDT, WILLY, Federal Republic of Germany, 1913 - 1992.
Formerly Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany.
1972 Reserved.
1973 The prize money for 1972 was allocated to the Main Fund.
The prize for 1973 was awarded jointly to:
KISSINGER, HENRY A., USA, 1923 -.
Former Secretary Of State, State Department, Washington;
and
LE DUC THO, Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 1910 - 1990.
Politician, leader of North Vietnam's delegation at Paris Peace Talks 1968-73.
(Declined the prize).
1974 The prize was awarded jointly to:
Mac BRIDE, SEÁN, Ireland, 1904 - 1988.
Former Minister for External Affairs. President of the International Peace
Bureau, Geneva, and
the Commission of Namibia, United Nations, New York;
and
SATO, EISAKU, Japan, 1901 - 1975.
Former Prime Minister of Japan.
1975 SAKHAROV, ANDREI, USSR, 1921 - 1989.
1976 Reserved.
1977 The prize for 1976 was awarded jointly to:
WILLIAMS, BETTY, Northern Ireland, 1943 -.
Co-founder of the Community of Peace People, Belfast;
and
CORRIGAN, MAIREAD, Northern Ireland, 1944 -.
Co-founder of the Community of Peace People, Belfast.
The prize for 1977 was awarded to:
AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, London.
1978 The prize was awarded jointly to:
AL-SADAT, ANWAR, Egypt, 1918 - 1981.
President of the Arab Republic of Egypt;
and
BEGIN, MENACHEM, Israel, 1913 -.
Prime Minister of Israel.
1979 MOTHER TERESA, India, 1914 - . Founder of the Order of the
Missionaries of Charity.
1980 ADOLFO PEREZ ESQUIVEL, Argentina, 1931 - . Architect, champion of
human rights.
1981 OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES, Geneva.
1982 The prize was awarded jointly to:
MYRDAL, ALVA, Sweden, 1902 - 1986
Former government minister, diplomat and head of the Swedish delegation to the
Geneva Disarmament
Conference;
and
GARCIA ROBLES, ALFONSO, Mexico, 1911 - 1991.
Diplomat and advocate of nuclear disarmament.
1983 WALESA, LESZEK ("LECH"), Poland, 1943 - .
President of Poland. Founder of Solidarity.
1984 TUTU, DESMOND, South Africa, 1931 -.
Bishop of Cape Town, and titular head of the South African Anglican Church.
1985 INTERNATIONAL PHYSICIANS FOR THE PREVENTION OF NUCLEAR WAR
1986 WIESEL, ELIE, USA, 1928 - .
Romanian-American writer.
1987 ARIAS SANCHEZ, OSCAR, Costa Rica, 1941 - .
President of Costa Rica.
1988 UNITED NATIONS PEACE-KEEPING FORCE
1989 The 14th DALAI LAMA, Tenzin Gyatso, Tibet, 1935 - .
Spiritual and political leader for the Tibetan people.
1990 GORBACHEV, MIKHAIL SERGEYEVICH, USSR, 1931 - .
President of the former Soviet Union.
1991 AUNG SAN SUU KYI, Myanmar, 1945 - .
Burmese oppositional leader.
1992 RIGOBERTA MENCHÚ TUM, Guatemala, 1959 - .
Guatemalan oppositional leader.
1993 The Prize was divided equally among:
NELSON MANDELA, Republic of South Africa, 1918 - .
South African lawyer and politician
and
FREDERIK WILLEM de KLERK, Republic of South Africa, 1936 - .
South African politician
1994 The Prize was divided equally among:
YITZHAK RABIBN, Jerusalem, 1922 - 1995), Prime Minister of Israel,
SHIMON PEREZ, Jerusalem, 1923 -, Minister of foreign Affairs of Israel
and
Yassir Arafat, Jerusalem, 1929 -, Chairman of the executive committee
of the Palestinian Liberation Organization and President of the Palestinian
National Authority.
1995 The Prize was divided equally among:
JOSEPH ROTBLAT, Poland 1909
nuclear physicist, the president and long-time driving force of the Pugwash
Conference
and the
PUGWASH CONFERENCES ON SCIENCE AND WORLD AFFAIRS,
Geneva, London and Rome.
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Produced for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs by Nytt fra Norge, which is alsoresponsible for the contents of the article. Printed in November 1995.
Reproduced with permission from the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
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